#e <t>exploration<n>Voyage of Brendan<d>548(3)<c>North Atlantic
// Scandinavians
#e <t>exploration<n>Greenland<d>980<c>Greenland<info>Snaebjorn Hog sails to Northeast Greenland.
#p <nat>Scandinavian<o>explorer<n>Erik Thorvaldsson<aka>Erik the Red<b>950(5)<c>Iceland<dep>982<c>Denmark Strait<arr>982<c>Julianehåb<arr>984(1)<c>Godthåb<info>Eric the Red colonised Greenland.
#e <t>migration<n>Greenland colonised<au>Erik the Red<d>982<c>Julianehåb<info>Erik "the Red" Thorvaldsson colonised Greenland in 982.
#p <nat>Scandinavian<o>explorer<n>Leif Eriksson<aka>Leif the Lucky<b>970(10)<d>1020(5)<fa>Erik the Red<c>Greenland<mov>999(2)<c>Norway<dep>1005(5)<c>Baffin Island<c>Labrador<c>Newfoundland<arr>1006(5)<c>Greenland<info>Leif Eriksson probably discovered North America around A.D. 1000. His exploits are known through the Icelandic Sagas of the 13th century. He grew up in Greenland but visited Norway in about A.D. 999, where he was converted to Christianity. According to one saga, he was then commissioned by King Olaf I to convert the Greenlanders to Christianity, but he was blown off course, missed Greenland, and reached North America. The other, more probable version describes Leif sailing on a planned voyage to lands to the west of Greenland that had been sighted 15 years earlier by Bjarne Herjulfsson. He landed at places called Helluland and Markland and wintered at Vinland. These may well have been Baffin Island, Labrador, and Newfoundland, respectively, but historians differ in their identifications of the sites. Leif went back to Greenland, but an expedition led by Thorfinn Karlsefni returned to settle Vinland. Leif may well have helped to Christianise Greenland.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>exploration<n>North America<au>Leif Eriksson<d>1005(5)<c>Baffin Island<info>Leif Eriksson discovered North America c. A.D. 1000.
// Explorers
#p <nat>Portuguese<o>explorer<n>Vasco da Gama<b>1469(1)<d>1524
#e <t>exploration<n>Vasco de Gama arrives in India<d>1498 May 20<c>Kozhikode<au>da Gama
#e <t>exploration<d>1605 Dec(12)<n>Australia<c>Australia<info>Dutchman Willem Jansz. was probably the first European to discover Australia.
#p <nat>Dutch<o>explorer<n>Anthony van Diemen<b>1593<d>1645<info>Anthony van Diemen was governor-general of the Nederlands Indies from 1636 to 1645.
#p <nat>Dutch<o>explorer<n>Abel Tasman<b>1603<d>1659<info>In the service of the East-Indian Company, Abel Janszoon Tasman explored the west and south coasts of Australia, which they called Nieuw-Holland. In 1642 he discoverd Tasmania and New Zeeland.
#e <t>exploration<d>1642<n>New Zealand<c>New Zealand<au>Tasman<info>New Zealand was discovered by Abel Tasman, who erroneously thought that it was part of Australia. He called it Staten Land, but Dutch authorites later renamed it Nova Zeelandia, after the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands.
#e <t>exploration<d>1642<n>Tasmania<c>Tasmania<au>Tasman<info>Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania. He called it Van Diemen's Land.
#p <nat>English<o>explorer<n>James Cook<b>1728 Oct 27<d>1779 Feb 14<c>Yorkshire<mov>1759<c>St. Lawrence River<mov>1763<c>Labrador<mov>1767<c>England<dep>1768 Aug 26<c>Madeira<c>Canary Islands<c>Cape Verde Islands<c>Rio de Janeiro<c>Cape Horn<c>South Pacific<arr>1769 Apr<c>Tahiti<dep>1769 Jul<c>Society Islands<arr>1769 Oct 7<c>New Zealand<c>Australia<c>Torres Strait<c>Batavia<c>Indian Ocean<c>Cape of Good Hope<c>South Atlantic<c>North Atlantic<arr>1771 Jul 13<c>England<dep>1772 Jul 13<c>North Atlantic<c>South Atlantic<c>Cape of Good Hope<c>New Zealand<c>Easter Island<c>Tonga<c>New Hebrides<c>New Caledonia<c>Norfolk Island<c>South Pacific<c>Cape Horn<c>Cape of Good Hope<c>South Atlantic<c>North Atlantic<arr>1775 Jul<c>England<dep>1776 Jul 12<c>North Atlantic<c>South Atlantic<c>Cape of Good Hope<c>Tasmania<c>Tahiti<c>Christmas Island<arr>1778 Jan<c>Hawaiian Islands<c>Nootka Sound<c>Bering Strait<c>Hawaii<info>Cook went to sea as a youth and made several voyages to the Baltic Sea. He joined the Royal Navy in 1755 as an able-bodied seaman, became a mate, and within four years became a master. In 1759, Cook was given command of the Mercury, sailing to Canada and up the St. Lawrence River, where he helped to survey the river. He also participated in naval operations against Québec. From 1763, Cook spent four years surveying the coasts of Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia. Cook observed a solar eclipse in 1766 and used it to determine the longitude of Newfoundland. After his return to England in 1767, Cook was commissioned a lieutenant in the Royal Navy. In 1768 the Royal Society requested the Admiralty's aid in observing the transit of Venus at Tahiti, to occur in June 1769, and Cook was given command of the expedition. Secret instructions made clear that Cook also was to search for terra australis incognita, the "unknown southern land." Cook and the Endeavour traveled south and rounded Cape Horn into the Pacific. Cook carried good provisions and citrus products and thus avoided the plague of scurvy. They reached Tahiti in April 1769. During their stay there, scientists who accompanied them examined the observed the transit of Venus on June 3. They sailed west through the Society Islands and then southward, rediscovering New Zealand. The expedition then sailed west, reached the unexplored eastern coast of Australia, and sailed north along it. Cook surveyed about 3,200 km of Australian coast, and confirmed the existence of the Torres Strait. They refitted at Batavia, and returned by way of the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England on July 13, 1771. Because the first voyage had not totally disproved legends of a major southern continent, the Admiralty soon authorised a new expedition. Cook commanded the Resolution, which was accompanied by the Adventure. They headed for the Cape of Good Hope and then traveled south, crossing the Antarctic Circle in January, 1773. Finding no continent, they went on to New Zealand and from there explored the South Pacific. The Resolution and Adventure lost contact, and the latter returned to England, becoming the first vessel to circumnavigate the world from west to east. The Resolution, however, again crossed the Antarctic Circle, reaching a latitude of 71 degrees 10' S, stopped at Easter Island and Tonga, and explored the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and Norfolk Island. Finally it crossed the South Pacific again, rounded Cape Horn, crossed over to the Cape of Good Hope, and then sailed north to reach England in July 1775. Only one man had been lost to disease on the entire voyage. Cook had proved that no great continent existed in the temperate region of the Pacific, but he had become convinced that there was an Antarctic continent. Cook sailed again on the Resolution in 1776, this time to search for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific side. At the Cape of Good Hope he was joined by the Discovery. The two ships visited Tahiti. They also discovered Christmas Island and then the Hawaiian Islands, which Cook called the Sandwich Islands, in January, 1778. Sailing onward to North America, the expedition landed at Nootka Sound, near Vancouver. It then went through the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean but found ice and no passage. The ships returned to Hawaii for repairs, and Cook was killed there in a skirmish with the Polynesian inhabitants. The expedition then returned to England.<ref>Grolier
#e <t>exploration<d>1865(5)<n>Great Zimbabwe<c>Zimbabwe<info>After its eclipse as a commercial center in the 15th century, Zimbabwe was sporadically occupied until shortly before its discovery by European explorers during the 1860s. First excavated in 1891 by the British archaeologist Theodore Bent, the site was later ransacked by Richard Hall, a British government official who attempted to prove that it had been built by a foreign civilization, not by Africans. The British archaeologists David Randall-MacIver and Gertrude Caton-Thompson carried out scientific excavations in 1905 and 1929, respectively. They demonstrated Zimbabwe's indigenous African origins.<ref>Grolier
// Samuel de Champlain
#p <nat>French<o>explorer<n>Samuel de Champlain<sur>Champlain<b>1567<d>1635 Dec(2)
#e <t>founding<n>Port Royal established<d>1604<c>Annapolis Royal<au>Champlain
<c>Seville<c>San Lucar<dep>1519 Sep 20<c>Tenerife<arr>1519 Dec 13<c>Rio de Janeiro<c>Rio de la Plata<arr>1520 March 25(5)<c>San Julián<dep>1520 Aug 25(5)<c>Santa Cruz<dep>1520 Oct 15(5)<arr>1520 Oct 23(5)<c>Strait of Magellan<dep>1520 Nov 28<arr>1521 Jan 24<c>Tuamotu Archipelago<c>Flint Island<arr>1521 May 2<c>Guam<c>Cebu<info>Magellan, born Portuguese, changed his nationality and his name to the Spanish, Hernando de Magellanes. He enlisted as a seaman under Francisco d'Almeida in the fleet that sailed for India in 1505. On September 20, 1519, he began his own voyage – a circumnavigation of the earth. He began with five ships. He was killed in Cebu, Phillipines, after making the first crossing of the Pacific ocean. One of the ships, under Captain Carvalho, returned to Spain in 1522.
#e <t>coin<t>exploration<n>"Pacific Ocean"<d>1520 Nov 28<c>Strait of Magellan<au>Magellan<info>Magellan named it Pacific because of the fair weather that day.
#e <t>exploration<d>1521 Aug(2)<e>1522 Sep 8<n>Carvalho's return voyage<c>Cebu<arr>1521 Nov<c>Tidore<c>Timor<c>Indian Ocean<c>Mozambique Channel<c>Cape of Good Hope<c>Cape Verde Islands<arr>1522 Sep 6<c>San Lucar<arr>1522 Sep 8<c>Seville<info>After the death of Magellan, Captain Carvalho returned to Spain in one of the original five ships, arriving in Seville on September 8, 1522.
// Columbus
#p <nat>Italian<o>explorer<n>Christopher Columbus<b>1446(5)<d>1506 May 20<c>Genoa
// first voyage
<c>Palos<dep>1492 Aug 3<arr>1492 Aug 13<c>Canary Islands<dep>1492 Sep 6<arr>1492 Oct 12<c>Watlings, Bahamas<c>Rum Cay<c>Lord Island<c>Crooked Island<c>Cuba<c>Haiti<c>La Navidad<dep>1493 Jan 4<arr>1493 Feb 18<c>Santa Maria, Azores<dep>1493 Feb 24<arr>1493 Mar 4<c>Lisbon
#p <nat>American<o>pilot<n>Amelia Earhart<b>1898 July 24<d>1937 Jul<c>Kansas
<info>Earhart was the first woman to make a solo flight over the Atlantic Ocean, flying from Newfoundland to Ireland in 1932. In July 1937, she attempted the first round-the-world flight via the equator with navigator Frederick J. Noonan. Her plane mysteriously disappeared after takeoff from New Guinea.
#p <nat>French<o>explorer<n>Jacques Cousteau<b>1910 Jun 11<d>1997 Jun 25
#e <t>inv<au>Cousteau<n>aqualung<c>France<d>1943 Jan(12)<info>The aqualung was invented by Frenchmen Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagnan.
#p <nat>New Zealander<o>explorer<n>Sir Edmund Hillary<b>1919 Jul 20
#e <t>exploration<d>1953 May 29<n>Mount Everest climbed<c>Mount Everest<au>Hillary<info>Sir Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount Everest, becoming, along with the Nepalese Tenzing Norgay, the first to climb the highest mountain in the world.
#e <t>exploration<d>1922<n>Tutankhamum's tomb opened<c>Egypt<info>British archaeologist Howard Carter opens the tomb of Tutankhamum.
#e <t>exploration<d>1940<n>Lascaux caves<c>France<info>While searching for their dogs, French boys discover the caves. The walls are covered with paintings and engravings from the Ice Age.
#e <t>exploration<d>1945<n>jet stream<c>U.S.<info>U.S. pilots cruising at high altitudes discover powerful west-to-east wind systems, now called jet streams.
#e <t>exploration<d>1947<n>voyage of the Kon-Tiki<c>Peru<mov><c>Polynesia<info>Norwegian ethnologist sails wooden raft Kon-Tiki from Peru to Polynesia to support his theory that pre-Incan peoples reached South Pacific islands by sea and colonised them.
#e <t>exploration<d>1960<n>Trieste descends 11 km<c>Mariana Trench<info>Bathyscaphe Trieste descends 11 kilometres in the Mariana trench to the deepest spot in the oceans.
